Aristotle developed a theory that there are four levels of happiness.

Laetus (pleasure)

The first level of happiness, according to Aristotle, is the happiness of pleasure, or “Laetus” in Latin. At this level, happiness is derived from things and from sensory experiences and deliver immediate gratification. It is the pleasure derived from indulging in delicious food, experiencing the thrill of a rollercoaster ride, or basking in the warmth of the sun on a lazy afternoon. While these moments of pleasure can bring fleeting joy, they are often short-lived and dependent on external factors.

Felix (achievement)

The second level is the happiness of achievement, or “Felix” in Latin. This level of happiness is characterized by the pursuit of goals and the satisfaction that comes from accomplishing them. It is the happiness of personal growth, of overcoming obstacles, and of realizing one’s potential. Whether it be mastering a new skill, completing a challenging project, or reaching a milestone in one’s career, the happiness of achievement provides a deeper sense of fulfillment than mere pleasure alone.

Beatitudo (contribution)

The third level of happiness, known as the happiness of contribution or “Beatitudo” in Latin, transcends the individual and encompasses a sense of connection to something greater than oneself. At this level, happiness is found in service to others, in acts of kindness and generosity, and in the pursuit of noble ideals. It is the happiness of compassion, of empathy, and of making a positive impact on the world. Whether through volunteer work, philanthropy, or simply being there for loved ones in times of need, the happiness of contribution fosters a sense of meaning and purpose that enriches the human experience.

Sublime Beatitudo (transcendence)

Finally, at the pinnacle of Aristotle’s hierarchy of happiness, lies the fourth level: the happiness of transcendence, or “Sublime Beatitudo” in Latin. This level of happiness is the most profound and elusive, representing a state of being that transcends the individual ego and merges with the divine or the cosmos. It is the happiness of spiritual enlightenment, of mystical experience, and of union with the infinite. Whether through meditation, prayer, or communion with nature, the happiness of transcendence offers a glimpse into the deeper mysteries of existence and the interconnectedness of all things.

Aristotle’s definitions provide a useful basis to understand that the term happiness is broad and can refer to many differing aspects.

Aliorum opinio (the opinion of others)

Outside of Aristole’s four levels of happiness we can identify a fifth. In today’s world, we see an increasing level of people concerning themselves with the opinions of others. Often considered an area that rests at the midpoint between the first level (Laetus) and the second level (Felix) of happiness, the views of others has become a concern for many. The pleasure some obtain from feeling that their achievements are besting others or from feeling that they have built a following of admirers, has provided some with drive. With the ease of comparison brought about by modern technology such happiness can be fragile, easily won and easily lost.

Understanding from where your happiness derives will serve in appreciating it, anticipating its level of sustainability and helping you build towards the life that you want.